Metaversal is a Bankless newsletter for weekly level-ups on NFTs, virtual worlds, & collectibles
Dear Bankless Nation,
The future of Ethereum is scaling via rollups.
And a special class of rollups — zk rollups that are compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine — are the most promising way to bring about that future as things stand.
Looking ahead, it’s accordingly no stretch to predict that “zkEVM” solutions will be adoption game changers for web3 projects in general, including NFT projects.
Take note, then, because not one, not two, but three different teams announced big zkEVM developments this week! Let’s break down these advancements and touch on what NFT users can expect in the zkEVM arena going forward.
-WMP
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zkEVM and NFTs
“In general, my own view is that in the short term, optimistic rollups are likely to win out for general-purpose EVM computation and ZK rollups are likely to win out for simple payments, exchange and other application-specific use cases, but in the medium to long term ZK rollups will win out in all use cases as ZK-SNARK technology improves.” — Vitalik Buterin, An Incomplete Guide to Rollups
What is the zkEVM?
1/ Explaining the zkEVM
– what it is
– how zk-rollups compare with other rollup types
– the competitive landscape for zk-rollup creators
And who really was first 😉
Rollups are layer two (L2) scaling solutions, in that they work above the Ethereum “layer one” to make Ethereum-based transactions very affordable and very rapid. The two most popular types of rollups today are optimistic rollups and zero knowledge, or zk, rollups.
Both types execute transactions off-chain, i.e. outside of the Ethereum L1, and both types also inherit Ethereum’s extensive security guarantees by posting their batched transaction data to Ethereum. Where optimistic and zk rollups differ is in how they facilitate posting data, i.e. fraud proofs or zero-knowledge validity proofs, and in what advantages they can provide to users.
Out of the gate, Optimistic rollups have been well suited for “general-purpose EVM computation,” meaning Ethereum projects — like NFT projects — can easily port over L1 smart contracts written in Solidity or create L1-like smart contracts on these L2s.
In contrast, zk rollups are incredibly efficient and secure, and they’re poised to become even more so over time, but to date certain design nuances have meant these rollups haven’t offered EVM compatibility.
4/ ZK rollups are generally preferred for their stronger guarantees, but they’re technically challenging. Developers have to write custom “circuits” in esoteric programming languages. Even tiny changes to functionality can require massive changes to the underlying circuit.
All that said, a zk rollup with an EVM-compatible execution environment is a zkEVM. No such projects have come into action so far, so that’s why zkEVM advancements represent the “holy grail” for zk rollups: they will finally allow these L2s to combine general-purpose EVM computation with the extensive transaction efficiencies afforded by zero-knowledge proofs.
This sort of leveling up will help zk rollups “win out in all use cases” over the long term as Vitalik Buterin has predicted will happen. And now, “all use cases” encompasses a teeming NFT ecosystem. But before we talk about the implications of the zkEVM + NFTs, let’s briefly walk through this week’s developments to see how the zkEVM future is coming to fruition in the here and now.
Three new zkEVM announcements
On Monday, July 18th, the Scroll team unveiled a pre-alpha testnet for its zkEVM-based zk rollup, eponymously named Scroll:
“Scroll’s plan for scaling Ethereum and serving billions of users and developers is a long-term roadmap that requires careful consideration and execution. We firmly believe in the future of the zkEVM as a key to scaling Ethereum, and as such, are committed to releasing it in a way that allows us to work through any challenges in a focused manner and incorporate feedback alongside our roadmap.”
Then on Wednesday, July 20th, two other major zkEVM announcements were made:
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zkSync builders Matter Labs revealed that zkSync 2.0, a zkEVM-based zk rollup, “will be live on mainnet in 100 days.”
<div class="tweet" data-attrs="{"url":"https://twitter.com/zksync/status/1549757888641437696","full_text":"Over the last year, we've been heads down working to scale Ethereum and accelerate its adoption.n nToday, we’re happy to announce that zkSync 2.0 – the first zkEVM rollup – will be live on mainnet in 100 days.n nOur public roadmap for the rest of the year: matterlabs.medium.com/100-days-to-ma… ","username":"zksync","name":"zkSync","date":"Wed Jul 20 14:07:28 +0000 2022","photos":[{"img_url":"https://substackcdn.com/image/upload/w_728,c_limit/l_twitter_play_button_rvaygk,w_120/urhmed8yowifz4sidxfc","link_url":"https://t.co/FuttnPWxZY","alt_text":null}],"quoted_tweet":{},"retweet_count":908,"like_count":3006,"expanded_url":{},"video_url":"https://video.twimg.com/ext_tw_video/1549757430732431360/pu/vid/684×360/vFmKf2ffbzIA2H3Q.mp4?tag=12","belowTheFold":true}”>
Over the last year, we’ve been heads down working to scale Ethereum and accelerate its adoption.
Today, we’re happy to announce that zkSync 2.0 – the first zkEVM rollup – will be live on mainnet in 100 days.
Our public roadmap for the rest of the year: matterlabs.medium.com/100-days-to-ma…
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Polygon introduced an initial open-source implementation for the Polygon zkEVM, and a public testnet is forthcoming. Notably, this zk rollup was designed not just for EVM-compatibility but full EVM-equivalence, meaning writing code and using tooling on this zk rollup will effectively be indistinguishable from the UX of doing the same on Ethereum. This dynamic will be very user-friendly for web3 builders.
Why the zkEVM matters for NFTs
We’re moving toward a future in which zkEVM-based zk rollups will become the gold standard for scaling web3 projects.
In being underpinned by cryptography rather than economic incentives, zk rollups are more secure than their optimistic rollup counterparts. For multiple use cases, zk rollups also offer drastically cheaper transaction costs. Additionally, withdrawing NFTs from a zk rollup can take as fast as 15 minutes compared to the ~1-week wait time that optimistic rollups require.
As such, fast and super affordable transactions + high cryptographic security guarantees + general-purpose EVM computation + quick NFT withdrawals = zkEVMs being uniquely suited L2 infrastructure to support widespread mainstream adoption of NFTs.
Indeed, a bottleneck on the early NFT ecosystem has been the technical limitations, and ensuing UX pains like costly transactions, of the Ethereum L1. The arrival and evolution of zkEVMs will help destroy this bottleneck once and for all and let NFT projects readily offer Ethereum-based experiences to millions of users, i.e. anyone, and not just hundreds or thousands.
<div class="tweet" data-attrs="{"url":"https://twitter.com/lawmaster/status/1550032574499651584","full_text":"@Mudit__Gupta I’ve criticized Polygon before for some of the sidechain/L2 communication but pushing zk-scaling forward through proper L2s in any way possible is the best thing that can happen to onboard 100s of millions of people. Starkware, zkSync, and Polygon competing will be amazing","username":"lawmaster","name":"Larry Cermak 🫡","date":"Thu Jul 21 08:18:58 +0000 2022","photos":[],"quoted_tweet":{},"retweet_count":21,"like_count":285,"expanded_url":{},"video_url":null,"belowTheFold":true}”>
@Mudit__Gupta I’ve criticized Polygon before for some of the sidechain/L2 communication but pushing zk-scaling forward through proper L2s in any way possible is the best thing that can happen to onboard 100s of millions of people. Starkware, zkSync, and Polygon competing will be amazing
It’s also worth noting that this zkEVM future is poised to get even brighter going forward. For example, Ethereum’s hugely-anticipated Merge update is set to take place later this year, but it’s hardly the end of the leading L1’s technical roadmap. After The Merge will come The Surge, which will introduce massive scalability improvements to rollups via sharding:
Happy birthday beacon chain!
Here’s an updated roadmap diagram for where Ethereum protocol development is at and what’s coming in what order.
(I’m sure this is missing a lot, as all diagrams are, but it covers a lot of the important stuff!)
That means ultra performant L2s with ultra cheap transactions are now around the corner, and this evolution will decisively ready NFTs for the world stage. Longer term, Ethereum itself is likely to migrate from the EVM to a zkEVM format, so the future of NFTs in multiple senses is set to run through zkEVMs. Sometimes in crypto you get a crystal-clear opportunity to envision what’s to come, and this is certainly one of those times.
Action steps
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⛓️ Check out this week’s Scroll, zkSync 2.0, and Polygon zkEVM announcements
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🙇 Read my previous write-up NFT drop styles if you missed it!
Author Bio
William M. Peaster is a professional writer and creator of Metaversal—a Bankless newsletter focused on the emergence of NFTs in the cryptoeconomy. He’s also recently been contributing content to Bankless, JPG, and beyond!
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